Inter Operability

	How can we use COM Components in .NET or What is RCW? .NET components communicate with COM using RCW (Runtime Callable Wrapper). Following are the ways with which you can generate RCW :- 1. Adding reference in Visual Studio.net. See figure below (Adding reference using VS.NET 2005). Wrapper class is generated and placed in the "BIN" directory. 2. Using Type library import tool. Tlbimp.exe yourname.dll. 3. Using interopservices.System.runtime.Interopservices namespace contains class TypeLib Converter which provides methods to convert COM classes and interface in to assembly metadata. 4. Make your custom wrappe rs.If your COM component does not have type library then the only way to communicate is writing custom wrappers. That means communicating directly with COM components.
	Once I have developed the COM wrapper do I have to still register the COM in registry? Yes.
	How can we use .NET components in COM? OR What is CCW (COM callable wrapper)? OR What caution needs to be taken in order that .NET components is compatible with COM? .NET components can not be used in straight forward way with COM. You will need to create CCW in order that COM components communicate with .NET assemblies. Following are the different approaches to implement it :- 1. Explicitly declare interfaces. Public Interface ICustomer Property CustomerName() As String Property CustomerCode() As String Sub AddCustomer() End Interface Public Class Customer Implements ICustomer Private PstrCustomerName As String Private PstrCustomerCode As String Public Sub AddCustomer() Implements ICustomer.AddCustomer Try ‘ addin of database code can go here Catch ex As Exception Throw ex End Try End Sub Public Property CustomerCode() As String Implements ICustomer.CustomerCode Get Return PstrCustomerCode End Get Set(ByVal value As String) PstrCustomerCode = value End Set End Property Public Property CustomerName() As String Implements ICustomer.CustomerName Get Return PstrCustomerName End Get Set(ByVal value As String) PstrCustomerName = value End Set End Property Public Sub New() End Sub End Class The above customer class is going to be used by COM components so all the properties and methods are declared in interface and implemented in the customer class. Customer Name.Customer Code and AddCustomer are first declared in ICustomer and then implemented in Customer Class. Also note that the class must have a default constructor. 2. The second way to create CCW is by using InteropServices attributes. Here interfaces are created automatically. Following are different type of class attributes :- None - No class interface is generated for the class. This is default setting when you do not specify anything. AutoDispatch - Interface that supports IDispatch is created for the class. However, no type information is produced. AutoDual - A dual interface is created for the class. Type information is produced and made available in the type library. Below in the source code we have used the third attribute. Imports System.Runtime.InteropServices ClassInterfaceAttribute(ClassInterfaceType.AutoDual)> _ Public Class ClsCompliant End Class Other than class attributes defined up there are other attributes with which you can govern other part of assembly.Example "GuidAttribute" allows you to specify the GUID, "ComVisibleAttribute" can be used to hide .NET types from COM etc. All attributes are not in scope of the book as this is a interview questions book refer MSDN for more details. 3. Once .NET assembly is created using either interface or using interopservices method we need to create a COM type library using Type library export tool. Tlbexp (AssemblyName) 4. The final thing is registering the CCW in registry using regasm tool. regasm AssemblyName [Options] 5. Finally refer the TLB in your COM IDE Below is figure showing VB6 IDE referencing the DLL Note :- DLL and TLB should be in same directory where the application is executed.
	How can we make Windows API calls in .NET? Windows API call are not COM based and they are invoked through Platform Invoke Services. Declare StringConversionType (Function | Sub) MethodName Lib "DllName" ([Args]) As Type 1. StringConversionType is for what type of conversion should take place. Either we can specify Unicode to convert all strings to Unicode values, or Auto to convert strings according to the .NET runtime rules. 2. MethodName is the name of the API to call. 3. DllName is the name of the DLL. 4. Args are any arguments to the API call. 5. Type is the return type of the API call. Below is a sample code for VB.NET which uses Sleep windows API for delaying. Public Class Form1 Declare Auto Sub Sleep Lib "kernel32.dll" (ByVal dwMilliseconds As Long) Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load MessageBox.Show(" start sleeping for 5000 Milli seconds.....") Sleep(5000) MessageBox.Show(" end of sleeping.....") End Sub End Class Note:- Source code is provided in CD in "APICALL" folder In VB.NET we use declare keyword but in C# it goes little bit different, we use DLLIMPORT here. Note :- We have interopservices in this and EXTERN keyword. #region Using directives using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.Runtime.InteropServices; #endregion namespace CSharpCode { partial class Form1 : Form { [DllImport("Kernel32.dll")] static extern int Sleep(long dwMilliseconds); public Form1() { InitializeComponent(); } private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)  { MessageBox.Show("Starting of 5000 ms..."); Sleep(5000); MessageBox.Show("End of 5000 ms..."); } } } (B)When we use windows API in .NET is it managed or unmanaged code? Windows API in .NET is unmanaged code. Note:- Even though VB6 and V C++ has gone off still many people do ask these old questions again and again. Still there are decent old application which are working with COM very much fine. So interviewer still asks you these questions so that those application’s can be ported to .NET. So let’s play some old music... By the way my favourite music is Kishore, what’s yours???
	What is COM? Microsoft’s COM is a technology for component software development. It is a binary standard which is language independent. DCOM is a distributed extension of COM.
	What is Reference counting in COM? Reference counting is a memory management technique used to count how many times an object has a pointer referring to it. The first time it is created, the reference count is set to one. When the last reference to the object is nulled, the reference count is set to zero and the object is deleted. Care must be exercised to prevent a context switch from changing the reference count at the time of deletion. In the methods that follow, the syntax is shortened to keep the scope of the discussion brief and manageable.
	Can you describe IUKNOWN interface in short? Every COM object supports at least one interface, the IUnknown interface. All interfaces are classes derived from the base class IUnknown. Each interface supports methods access data and perform operations transparently to the programmer. For example, IUnknown supports three methods, AddRef, Release(), and QueryInterface(). Suppose that pinterf is a pointer to an IUnknown. pinterf->AddRef() increments the reference count. pinterf->Release() decrements the reference count, deleting the object when the reference count reaches zero. pinterf->QueryInterface( IDesired, pDesired) checks to see if the current interface (IUnknown) supports another interface, IDesired, creates an instance (via a call to CoCreateInstance()) of the object if the reference count is zero (the object does not yet exist), and then calls pDesired->AddRef() to increment the reference count (where pDesired is a pointer to IDesired) and returns the pointer to the caller.
	What is DCOM? DCOM differs from COM in that it allows for creating objects distributed across a network, a protocol for invoking that object’s methods, and secures access to the object. DCOM provides a wrapper around COM, hence it is a backwards compatible extension. DCOM uses Remote Procedural Calls (RPC) using Open Software Foundation’s Distributed Computing Environment. These RPC are implemented over TCP/IP and named pipes. The protocol which is actually being used is registered just prior to use, as opposed to being registered at initialization time. The reason for this is that if a protocol is not being used, it will not be loaded. In order to inform an object that the client is still alive, periodic pinging is used. Hence, when the client has died and no ping has been received (to refresh it) before the expiration time, the server object will perform some clean up tasks (including decrementing its reference count). Since RPC across a network are typically slow (compared to processes residing on the same machine), DCOM sends multiple requests in the same call. For example, in COM, the program performs a QueryInterface, one interface at a time. In DCOM, multiple QueryInterfaces are all clustered into one call. This clustering optimization trick is also used when creating an instance of the object and serializing it with data. Since these two operations usually occur together, DCOM allows one method which will perform both operations in one call without waiting for an acknowledgment from the first task before performing the second one. Similarly, when a client pings its server object, he can do it in one call. Moreover, if there are multiple clients sending pings to multiple servers, an optimization is made where the multiple pings going to the same object are consolidated into just one ping. This is to cut down on the use of precious bandwidth used only for pinging. The client has the control to set the computer which will be responsible for the lifetime of the object. That is to say, these objects are not created just somewhere where the system resources and access privileges allow for it. Call security is implemented in all four ways: authentication (to prevent false clients from impersonating the true client), authorization (to insure that a client only does what it is authorized to do), data integrity (to insure that data was not tampered with during transit) and data privacy (to insure that only designated sources can read it). The security issues are handled as they are on 136 operating systems. The client gives the server various access privileges to access memory or disk space
	How do we create DCOM object in VB6? Using the CreateObject method you can create a DCOM object. You have to put the server name in the registry.
	How to implement DTC in .NET? DTC is implemented using COM+. Following are the steps to implement COM + in .NET :- 1. "EnterpriseService" namespace has all the classes by which we can implement DTC in .NET. You have to add reference "EnterpriseService" namespace. 2. You class must derive from "Serviced Component" object. 3. Then you have to define your class with the transaction attribute (For all transaction attribute look the down question) [ Transaction(TransactionOption.RequiresNew) ] 4. After the class level transaction type is defined. Its time to define at the method level the AutoComplete attribute. Autocomplete attribute says that if no exception is thrown then mark its part of the transaction as being okay. This helps cut down on the amount of code required. If the implementation sets AutoComplete to false, or 138 omits it all together, then we would need to manage the transaction manually. To manually control the transaction you will need to use the ContextUtil class and its static members. Following is small snippet of ContextUtil: - public void SampleFunction() { try { // Do something to a database // ... // Everything okay so far Commit the transaction ContextUtil.SetComplete(); } catch(Exception) { // Something went wrong Abort and Rollback the Transaction. ContextUtil.SetAbort(); } } 5. Component derived from "ServicedComponent" should be strong named as they run under COM+. 6. Once the classes are compiled using the string name.Register the Component in COM+ services using regsvcs c:\DllPath\TransactionComponent.dll 7. You can see that the component is registered using the COM+ explorer.
	How many types of Transactions are there in COM + .NET? There are 5 transactions types that can be used with COM+. Whenever an object is registered with COM+ it has to abide either to these 5 transaction types. 1. Disabled - There is no transaction. COM+ does not provide transaction support for this component. 2. Not Supported - Component does not support transactions. Hence even if the calling component in the hierarchy is transaction enabled this component will not participate in the transaction. 3. Supported - Components with transaction type support will be a part of the transaction. This will be only if the calling component has an active transaction. If the calling component is not transaction enabled this component will not start a new transaction. 4. Required - Components with this attribute require a transaction i.e. either the calling should have a transaction in place else this component will start a new transaction. 5. Required New - Components enabled with this transaction type always require a new transaction. Components with required new transaction type instantiate a new transaction for themselves every time.
	How do you do object pooling in .NET? COM+ reduces overhead by creating object from scratch. So in COM+ when object is activated its activated from pool and when its deactivated it’s pushed back to the pool. Object pooling is configures by using the "ObjectPoolingAttribute" to the class. Note - When a class is marked with objectpooling attribute it can not be inherited. ObjectPooling(MinPoolSize := 2, MaxPoolSize := 5, CreationTimeout := 20000)> _ Public Class testingclass Inherits ServicedComponent Public Sub DoWork() ' Method contents go here. End Sub End Class Above is a sample code which has the "ObjectPooling" attribute defined. Below is a sample code which uses the class. Public Class App Overloads Public Shared Sub Main(args() As String) Dim xyz As New TestObjectPooling() xyz.doWork() ServicedComponent.DisposeObject (xyz) End Sub End Class Above is a sample code which uses the object pooled object. Note the DisposeObject() This ensures its safe return to the object pool.
	What are types of compatibility in VB6? There are three possible project compatibility settings: 1. No Compatibility 2. Project Compatibility 3. Binary Compatibility No Compatibility With this setting, new class ID’s, new interface ID’s and a new type library ID will be generated by VB each time the ActiveX component project is compiled. This will cause any compiled client components to fail (with error 429!) and report a missing reference to the 'VB ActiveX Test Component' when a client project is loaded in the VB IDE. Note :- Use this setting to compile the initial release of a component to other developers. Project Compatibility With this setting, VB will generate new interface ID’s for classes whose interfaces have changed, but will not change the class ID’s or the type library ID. This will still cause any compiled client components to fail (with error 429!) but will not report a missing reference to the 'VB ActiveX Test Component' when a client project is loaded in the VB IDE. Recompilation of client components will restore them to working order again. Note:- Use this setting during the initial development and testing of a component within the IDE and before the component is released to other developers. Binary Compatibility VB makes it possible to extend an existing class or interface by adding new methods and properties etc. and yet still retain binary compatibility. It can do this, because it silently creates a new interface ID for the extended interface and adds registration code to register the original interface ID but with a new Forward key containing the value of this new interface ID. COM will then substitute calls having the old ID with the new ID and hence applications built against the old interface will continue to work (assuming the inner workings of the component remain backward compatible!). With this setting, VB will not change any of the existing class, interface or type library ID’s, however in order that it can do so, VB requires the project to specify an existing compiled version that it can compare against to ensure that existing interfaces have not been broken
	What is equivalent for regsvr32 exe in .NET? Regasm